RYERSON UNIVERSITY
CURRENT STUDENTS
MY.RYERSON.CA (RAMSS)
  Undergraduate Calendar 2015-2016
Home
An Introduction to Ryerson University
Important Notice
Significant Dates
Collection and Use of Personal Information
Admission Procedures and Policies
Enrolment, Records and Academic Information
Fees/Student Financial Assistance and Awards
Rights, Responsibilities and Conduct
Programs and Academic Departments
Minors
Optional Specializations
Zone Learning
Liberal Studies
Open Elective Table
Courses
Glossary
Services for Students - Office of the Vice Provost, Students
Faculty and Administration
Ryerson Honorary Doctorates and Fellowships
Index/About
2015-2016 Undergraduate Calendar
HOME Courses Chemistry (CHY)

Chemistry (CHY)
CHY 40A/B Research Project-Thesis-A/B
A laboratory research project supervised by a faculty member. An oral presentation of results and a thesis are required. Enrollment in this course may be restricted by the number of available projects.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Departmental consent required
GPA Weight: 2.00
Billing Units: 1/1
back to top
CHY 102 General Chemistry
This course is intended for Engineering students. This course deals with stoichiometry, gases, liquids and solids, chemical equilibria, thermodynamics, kinetics, nuclear chemistry and electrochemistry. The treatment of these topics will emphasize problem solving and calculation.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 1 hr.
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 103 General Chemistry I
This foundation course begins with an introduction to types of chemical compounds, chemical reactions and stoichiometry. Subsequent topics include the investigation of the states of matter (primarily liquids and gases), solutions and colligative properties, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, and thermochemistry. This course acts as the first half of a full year general chemistry sequence and is a precursor to CHY 113 General Chemistry II.
Lect: 3 hrs.
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 104 General Chemistry
This course is intended for Occupational and Public Health students. This course deals with stoichiometry, solution composition, redox reactions, kinetics, equilibrium including aqueous equilibria, acid, bases and salts, thermochemistry, chemical bonding and an introduction to organic chemistry (study of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons).
Tut: 1.5 hrs./Lect: 3 hrs.
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 113 General Chemistry II
This course builds on the topics introduced in CHY 103 General Chemistry I. Emphasis is placed on modern atomic theory, including atomic structure, orbitals, shapes of molecules, bonding theories, intermolecular forces and periodicity. Additional topics include thermodynamics, kinetics, electrochemistry, solids and phase changes. This course acts as the second half of a full year general chemistry sequence.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 103
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 123 General Chemistry
This course is intended for Food and Nutrition students. This course includes the following topics: atomic structure and periodicity, bonding and structure, stoichiometry, solutions and their properties, equilibrium, acids and bases, and acid-base equilibria. The treatment of the above topics will emphasize understanding of chemical principles and their application to problem solving and calculations. The laboratory is an introduction to laboratory techniques, mass-volume relationships, acid-base titrations, analytical techniques and colorimetry.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 1.5 hrs.
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 142 Organic Chemistry I
This is an introductory course based on the mechanistic approach to the study of organic reactions, and includes functionality, IUPAC nomenclature, structural and steroisomerism, oxidation and reduction, nucleophilic additions, nucleophilic substitutions, eliminations, electrophilic additions of aliphatic compounds. The laboratory introduces techniques such as melting point, recrystallization, extraction, and distillation. Also included is the synthesis, isolation and purification of organic compounds.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 103 and CHY 113
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 152 Introductory Organic Chemistry
This course is intended for Occupational and Public Health students. An introductory organic chemistry course which includes the following topics: bonding, nomenclature, main functional groups, properties, reactions and characteristics of organic compounds.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 104
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 182 Chemistry Applications to Living Systems
The emphasis of this course will be on understanding chemistry and the role it plays in everyday life, particularly to those who live in an urban environment. The course will endeavor to have a conceptual and contextual focus rather than a quantitative approach, relating chemistry to urban/environmental issues with particular reference to life in Toronto where possible. Topics could include water/sewage treatment, air pollution, energy sources, soil chemistry, foods, and industrial chemistry (polymer, petroleum, pharmaceutical, etc). The curriculum could also include sections on street drugs, cosmetics, chemistry in the movies, and forensic chemistry. (Formerly SCI 182). (May not be used as a credit towards a science degree). CHY 182 is not available for credit to students who choose CHY 103 or CHY 113.
LL
Lect: 3 hrs.
Not available to Engineering and Science Students (Architectural Science excepted) or Nutrition and Food or Occupational and Public Health students; Antirequisites: CHY 102, CHY 103, CHY 104, CHY 113, CHY 123
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 183 Introduction to Forensic Sciences
The popularity of TV shows depicting the science of criminal investigations has impacted the way forensic science is viewed by the public and media. This course will provide non-science students with an introduction to the field of forensic science. Students will develop an appreciation of the critical methods of scientific investigation, reasoning, and communication. Topics will include techniques of chemical analysis, physical investigation, and the role of expert witnesses in crime scene investigations. (Formerly SCI 183).
LL
Lect: 3 hrs.
Not available to Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Students (with the exception of Architecture) nor Faculty of Science Students (with the exception of Computer Science).
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 200 Organic Chemistry
This course is intended for Food and Nutrition students. This is an introductory course which is based on the mechanistic approach to the study of organic reactions, and includes functionality, IUPAC nomenclature, structural and steroisomerism, oxidation and reduction, nucleophilic additions, nucleophilic substitutions, eliminations, electrophilic additions of aliphatic compounds. The laboratory introduces basic organic laboratory techniques such as melting point, recrystallization, extraction, and distillation. Also included is synthesis, isolation and purification of organic compounds.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 1.5 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 104 or CHY 123 or (CHY 120 and CHY 130)
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 203 Instrumental Methods of Analysis
This course is intended for Chemical Engineering students. Instrumentation for and applications of spectroscopic, chromatographic and electro-analytical analyses are discussed.
Lect: 2 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 102, CPS 125, MTH 140, MTH 141, PCS 125, CHE 200, CHY 211, MTH 240 and PCS 211
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 204 Biochemistry I
This course is intended for Food and Nutrition students. This course deals with the structures, functions, chemistry and food applications of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Also included is an introduction to enzymology (coenzymes, nomenclature and classifications of enzymes and enzymatic control of biochemical reactions). The laboratory provides introduction to basic techniques used in analytical biochemistry.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 1.5 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 200
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 205 Biochemistry II
This course is intended for Food and Nutrition students. This course begins with an overview of the principles of catalysis and bioenergetics. This will be followed by an examination of intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids with emphasis on the regulation of these processes. Topics include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The course concludes with an introduction to information pathways including genes, chromosomes, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 204
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 211 General Chemistry Laboratory
This course is intended for Chemical Engineering students. Introduction to chemical laboratory that includes the following topics: mass - volume relationship; solution; dilution, and concentration; acid-base titration; hardness of water; solubility; reaction kinetics; colorimetry; determination of concentration of iron in a solution; concentration analysis of aspirin.
Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 102
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 213 Analytical Chemistry I
This course concentrates on non-instrumental analytical methods and includes the following lecture topics: gravimetry, and equilibria and titration applications of acid-base, oxidation-reduction, complex-formation, and precipitation reactions. The laboratory portion of this course includes experiments based on the above topics.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 113
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 223 Analytical Chemistry II
This course is a continuation of the analytical work from CHY 213, but concentrates on instrumental and analytical methods. The course introduces the student to the theory, instrumentation, and applications of: atomic and molecular spectroscopy, potentiometry (including ion-selective electrodes), and chromatography.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 213
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 224 Organic Chemistry
This course is intended for Chemical Engineering students. This is an introduction to organic chemistry, covering bonding in organic molecules, nomenclature, isomerism and stereochemistry, organic acids and bases, and a mechanistic approach to understanding fundamental aliphatic and aromatic reactions. Industrial applications will be noted. The laboratory includes introduction to basic organic chemistry techniques.
Lect: 4 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 102 and CHY 211
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 2
back to top
CHY 242 Organic Chemistry II
This course includes the mechanistic approach to the study of organic reactions and includes condensation reactions, aromatic chemistry and pericyclic reactions. Also included are spectroscopic methods of structure determination, organic synthesis and the use of organometallic reagents.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 142
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 249 Structure and Bonding
This course examines the various theories of atomic structure and molecular bonding as well as their application in explaining the physical and chemical properties of atoms and molecules. Topics include Lewis theory, valence bond theory, symmetry and group theory, crystal field theory, donor-acceptor chemistry and molecular orbital theory of molecules and extended structures.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 103 and CHY 113
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 307 Chemistry Laboratory Research Project
A 12-week intensive laboratory research project supervised by a faculty member. The project topic for this course must be different from any laboratory research thesis project or directed studies topic and must be program-related. An oral or poster presentation of results and project report are required. Enrollment in this course may be restricted by the number of available projects.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Departmental consent required
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 330 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
A course that emphasizes the theory and the criteria required for the selection of instruments and procedures for analytical applications and the critical evaluation of data obtained from such methods. Topics include UV-VIS (atomic and molecular), IR and X-Ray spectroscopy, and GC-MS analysis.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 223
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 331 Basic Chromatography
This course deals with the basic principles of chromatographic separations from a fundamental, analytical viewpoint. Lecture topics include general theory and equations of chromatographic methods, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and ion-exchange methods. Laboratory experiments will provide a back up to the theory of GC and HPLC and will demonstrate the variety of chromatographic techniques available for routine use.
Lect: 2 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 223
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 339 Characterization of Organic Compounds
The application of spectroscopic methods to structure determination. Topics include ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Emphasis will be placed on the use of coupling patterns and coupling constants to gain insight into the chemical structure of compounds using NMR. The laboratory will require students to purify and characterize samples using the above spectroscopic methods.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 242
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 344 Inorganic Chemistry
Physical and chemical properties of the main group elements and inorganic compounds are related to their electronic structures; principles are exemplified by technologically important substances and reactions. Topics include symmetry, covalent and ionic bonding theories, a survey of solid state structures and a discussion of secondary chemical interactions. The laboratory will emphasize the preparation of various main group inorganic compounds by important techniques (including vacuum and inert atmosphere synthesis) and product characterization by standard spectroscopic methods.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 113
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 381 Physical Chemistry I
The three laws of thermodynamics; free energy and chemical equilibria; thermodynamics of solutions.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 103, CHY 113 and MTH 231
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 382 Physical Chemistry II
Topics included are: rates and mechanism of reactions; adsorption and heterogeneous catalysts. The laboratory consists of experiments dealing with thermochemistry; electrochemical measurements; properties of liquids and solutions; kinetics of reactions and surface phenomena.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 103, CHY 113 and MTH 231
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 399 Property-Directed Integrated Laboratory
This experimentally intensive course builds on the skills obtained in the second year program and is designed for third and fourth year students with interest in property-directed chemical research. Students will be exposed to advanced synthetic techniques (vacuum distillation, glovebox use, manipulating reactions under anhydrous inert conditions, microwave synthesis and column chromatography) and instrumentation (Chemdraw training, UV-Vis, electrochemistry (CV), NMR and computational methods (DFT). Students cannot take CHY 40A/B and CHY 399 in the same term.
Lect: 1 hr./Lab: 6 hrs.
Corequisites: CHY 339, Prerequisites: CHY 242
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 2
back to top
CHY 422 Environmental Chemistry
The course studies the major chemical processes occurring in the natural environment and the impacts of human activities on these processes. Topics include introduction of environment and its components, techniques for environmental sample collection and preparation; the sources, reactions, transport, fates of chemical species in atmosphere, water, and soil and their effects on environment, ecosystem and human health. The laboratory portion of this course includes experiments based on the above topics and allows students to have hands-on experience of collecting and analysis water, air and soil samples.
Lect: 2 hrs./Lab: 1 hr.
Prerequisites: CHY 223 and CHY 242
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 423 Environmental Science
The course introduces basic scientific principles and concepts that form the knowledge base for understanding of the natural environment. It covers environmental components and their physical, chemical and biological interactions. Topics include human population, ecosystems, nutrient cycles, energy flow, chemical interactions and pathways of environmental pollutants in the atmosphere and water, air and water pollution prevention.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: BLG 144 and CHY 113 and CHY 142
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 428 Food Process Science
This course will deal with the principles of food processing technology. Topics included will be unit operations in the food industry, food preservation by heat, cold, dehydration and fermentation, food quality factors and food storage. Some basic engineering calculations will be introduced to enable students to handle simple mass and energy balances as related to food processing.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Corequisite: CHY 434
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 431 Applied Analytical Chemistry
Lectures will include aspects of chemical equilibria, in particular protonation equilibria; buffers, natural and synthetic phase separation equilibria; non-aqueous solvent systems; applications of pH control and complexation to extraction and chromatographic systems will be cited where appropriate. Experiments may represent: inorganic structural elucidation; analytical extraction techniques, including pH and complexation effects; volatilization and vacuum distillation techniques; applications to natural and synthetic products analysis; electrochemical methods.
Lect: 1 hr./Lab: 2 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 223
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 434 Analytical Chemistry of Complex Samples
Sampling techniques, chemical analysis and statistical methods for analyzing major and minor analytes in complex matrices. Relevance to food, environmental, clinical, or industrial samples will be discussed. Laboratory work will introduce techniques such as Sohxlet and differential extraction, and methods for reducing matrix effects.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 330
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 435 Advanced Chemical Instrumentation
A selection of rapidly evolving instrumental techniques significant to the chemical industry and chemical research will be presented with specific reference to what is currently state-of-the art. Topics may include advances in chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, surface science techniques and microprobe analysis.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 223 and CHY 330
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 436 Pharmaceutical Chemistry
This course provides an introduction to medicinal chemistry. Topics examined include classification, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action (pharmacodynamics), interactions, formulations, production and design of drugs, including biotechnology drugs. Drugs are grouped by their common mechanism(s) of action and discussed as such.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: (BCH 261 or CHY 261) and CHY 142
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 437 Organic Chemistry
This course emphasizes the stereochemistry of common reaction mechanisms. Also included is enolate and carbanion chemistry, Diels-Alder reaction in detail, heterocyclic chemistry, polycyclic compounds and a survey of the mechanisms of a large number of name reactions.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 242
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 439 Food Product Development
A course in the principles and practice of food product development. Topics will include marketing, formulating, sensory evaluation, quality control, packaging and pilot plant scale up. Students will be given experiments in developing a food product through participating in group project work.
Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 434
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 445 Materials Chemistry
Solid state materials are at the leading edge of many new technologies. This course focuses on the relationship between the synthesis, properties and function of materials with extended structures. Topics include the theory and chemistry of important conducting materials such as charge transfer salts, semiconductors, and superconductors; optoelectric materials; zeolites and nonporous structures.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 242 and CHY 344 and CHY 381
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 447 Solid State Chemistry
Ionic networks and solids are at the leading edge of many new technologies. This course focuses on the structure and properties of the solid state. Topics include; crystal structures, bonding in solids, crystallography, crystal defects, phase diagrams, solid state characterization, and the optical, magnetic and electronic properties of solids. Applications (superconductors, semiconductors, piezoelectrics, solid oxide fuel cells and ferromagnetism) will be discussed.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 113 and CHY 249
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 449 Inorganic Chemistry II
An introduction to the coordination chemistry of the transition metals. Topics include structure and bonding, electronic spectroscopy, reaction mechanisms, organometallic chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry. The laboratory will consist of the preparation and spectroscopic characterization of various transition metal complexes.
Lect: 3 hrs./Lab: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 344
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 482 Selected Topics in Chemistry
Recent developments and topics of current interest in chemistry and their applications will be included. A variety of instructional modes will be used e.g. lecture, seminar, guest speakers, student presentations, demonstration and practice.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 223 and CHY 242 and CHY 344
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 500 Directed Studies
This course is for upper year chemistry students who wish to gain knowledge about a specific area of chemistry for which no current choice is offered. The work prepared for this course must not be the same as that submitted for any other course, and the topic must be different from the laboratory thesis project.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Departmental consent required
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 501 Polymer Chemistry
This course focuses on the synthesis, properties and applications of organic and inorganic polymers, dendrimers, and biopolymers. Topics will include the preparation, isolation, and characterization of polymeric materials. Conventional methods of polymerization used in industry, including free radical, living, and step growth will be examined in detail. Polymer applications will focus on the use of "smart materials" that possess useful conductive, optical, and self-healing properties.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 242 and CHY 449
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 502 Organometallic Chemistry
This advanced level course will deal with recent topics in organometallic chemistry, including such areas as organo-lithium and organo-magnesium reagents; stoichiometric organic transformations using metals; and metal-catalyzed reactions such as hydrogenation, cross coupling, C-H and C-C bond activation and polymerization.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 339 and CHY 449
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 505 Chemistry Work Term Project
A 12-week intensive laboratory research project for students in the co-operative education program supervised by a faculty member. The project topic for this course must be different from any laboratory research thesis project or directed studies topic and must be program-related. An oral presentation of results and work term report are required. This course is graded on a pass/fail basis.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Departmental consent required
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 547 Theory of Food Analysis
The application of sampling techniques, physical measurement, analytical chemistry, instrumental analysis and statistical methods to the quality control for food products. Certain aspects of food processing techniques will be discussed to provide a better understanding of the quality control procedures.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisite: CHY 204
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 583 Alternative Energies
The focus of this course is on carbon-free renewable energies. Students will first examine the use of carbon-based fuels, and compare and contrast these fuels to carbon-free alternatives including solar, wind, water, hydrogen, and nuclear energies. The course will emphasize qualitative rather than quantitative concepts, and will include social, economic, and environmental impacts of these alternative energy sources.
UL
Lect: 3 hrs.
Restriction: Not available to students in the Faculty of Science.
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 599 The Business of Chemistry and Biology
A general and conceptual discussion of the biology and chemistry behind consumer and industrial products. Emphasis will be on the innovations that laid the foundation for these products and how they have impacted the economy and/or society. Also to be considered are the challenges related to commercializing innovation from both a consumer and competitive point of view. Case studies will be used to illustrate specific topics.
UL
Lect: 3 hrs.
Not available to Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Students (with the exception of Architecture)
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 600 Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction mechanisms and the stability and reactivity to key organic reaction intermediates. Free energy relationships. Transition state theory and the description of stereo and electronic control in organic reactions.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 142 and CHY 242
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top
CHY 706 Computational Chemistry
Basic and advanced molecular modeling: empirical molecular orbital theory; molecular mechanics and dynamics; quantitative structure-activity relationships [e.g. how to quantify physical properties in terms of the general concepts of electronic, steric and hydrophobic effects, Hansch analysis (biological activity of a series of compounds and their physiochemical substituent or global parameters)]; basic ab initio quantum chemistry.
Lect: 3 hrs.
Prerequisites: CHY 142 and CHY 242 and CPS 313 and CPS 315
GPA Weight: 1.00
Billing Units: 1
back to top


©2015 Ryerson University | 350 Victoria Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
416-979-5000 | www.ryerson.ca

Web Policy     Privacy Policy     Accessibility     Terms & Conditions