Bernard Emanuel De Souza

Although early childhood development (ECD) is the foundation of individual and national educational attainment and health, there are large disparities in ECD. The objectives of this research were to explore the spatial pattern of ECD in Toronto, identify associated factors, and explore the spatial stability of some of the relationships. The Early Development Instrument measured ECD outcomes, while neighbourhood data were based on the 2006 Canadian Census for 436 census tracts. Statistical techniques used included ordinary least square multiple regression, spatial autocorrelation, and geographically weighted regression. Significant disparities in ECD outcomes exist in Toronto. The socioeconomic status of neighbourhoods had strong spatial links to ECD, with education having the most influence. Income and language effects were significant, and lone-parenthood may be a pathway to poor ECD. Interestingly, some global relationships were not spatially stable. Disparities in ECD provide a compelling case for targeted parent education programmes, while the complementary use of universal policies would ensure coverage for vulnerable children in low vulnerability neighbourhoods.