Declining naturalizations signal larger problems in Canada’s citizenship and immigration system
Reports about declining naturalizations belie the historical and political obstacles that prevent many migrants from becoming citizens. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
John Carlaw (external link) , Toronto Metropolitan University (external link)
A recent press release (external link) from the Institute for Canadian Citizenship that cites Statistics Canada data (external link) has highlighted concerns over a 40 per cent reduction in Canada’s “naturalization rate (external link) ” — the rate at which permanent residents (external link) are becoming citizens.
The release, headlined Newcomers falling out of love with Canadian citizenship generated a number of other (external link) media headlines (external link) .
Concerns over how and whether those living and working in Canada are attaining citizenship and important rights — including to vote and run for office — are of course well placed. But love of country by immigrants is not the primary problem.
Individual choices and sentiments are a relevant factor, but there are observable structural explanations. Beyond Canada’s control, not all countries permit dual citizenship. That includes major source countries China and India (external link) where many immigrants to Canada are from. It is understandable that some permanent residents prefer not to renounce the citizenship of their country of origin.
But within Canada’s control, there are troubling shifts (external link) in our overall citizenship and immigration model. Inequalities connected to its colonial nature (external link) have left growing numbers of residents without citizenship or even a pathway to it.
Annual immigration levels, for example, only represent those accepted as permanent residents and obscure the number of those admitted to Canada under less secure conditions.
This has occurred thanks to under-discussed but at times controversial shifts (external link) from permanent to temporary or multi-step migration (external link) .
These shifts can be obscured by focusing primarily on the naturalization process and the sentiments some attach to it rather than the larger settler colonial landscape of migration and immigration and its relationship to citizenship and belonging at each stage.
People take the citizenship oath during a ceremony at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
Unkept promises and unlearned lessons
In recent years, Canada has apologized (external link) for past discriminatory immigration measures and its treatment of Indigenous Peoples. And there have been recent symbolic advances recognizing First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities and Canadians’ treaty responsibilities in the citizenship oath (external link) .
However, social exclusions in modern forms related to the project of Canadian nation-building, citizenship and belonging persist. They are even intensifying in important respects.
A (PDF file) recent report from the Yellowhead Institute (external link) found that, despite an expressed commitment to fully implement (external link) the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s (PDF file) 94 Calls to Action (external link) , the Federal government has only fulfilled 13, with those providing symbolic rather than structural remedies.
This example is indicative of why many Indigenous people — themselves denied the vote for much of Canada’s history (external link) — understandably view Canadian citizenship as, at best, a “kinder, gentler form of colonialism (external link) .”
These realities (external link) also remind us that the terms and hierarchies of citizenship and societal membership in Canada shift over time (external link) . They are subject to social struggle (external link) . And apologies and symbolic advancements do not relegate mistreatment to the past.
Hierarchies of belonging persist
“White Canada” immigration policies that favoured European immigrants and largely excluded those from elsewhere (external link) were in place until the 1960s.
These entrenched institutional and demographic dominance by white settlers (external link) . Europeans immigrating to Canada in earlier periods had ready access to permanent residence and eventual citizenship, unlike many of their contemporary racialized counterparts.
Institutional racism continues to be felt in the country’s (PDF file) immigration system (external link) and political life as tiers of citizenship and belonging continue to be practiced in old and new forms.
Canada adopted official multiculturalism in 1971, yet two years later it entrenched migrant worker programs (external link) , primarily for racialized workers from the Global South. As with past exclusions, these workers still (external link) have to navigate programs and realities that prevent or make it difficult for them to access permanent residence and citizenship.
This is particularly the case for those working in what are deemed to be “low skill” positions. Many such workers become “permanently temporary (external link) ” despite ongoing demands for their labour.
Today, Canada’s political institutions are still disproportionately composed of men of primarily European descent (external link) . And they continue to set and enforce problematic terms of citizenship and societal membership.
Today’s more difficult pathways to citizenship
Today’s immigrants — who mostly come from the Global South — face a system of complex (PDF file) chutes and ladders (external link) when it comes to their status in Canada. That system leads many migrants to remain stuck in an immigration purgatory, far away from pathways to permanent residence, let alone citizenship.
Even those often characterized as the perfect immigrants — international students (external link) who pay vast sums that subsidize our post-secondary education system — face (PDF file) limited and precarious pathways (external link) to permanent residence and citizenship.
As economist Armine Yalnizyan recently noted (external link) , today for each person granted the security of permanent residence, there are two migrant workers or international students who have uncertain or no access to permanent status.
This could prove an obstacle to attracting and retaining workers. When it comes to citizenship and societal membership, it hinders inclusion by creating an exploitable class of workers who lack full political and social rights.
In the face of these realities, many migrants, students and workers are mobilizing (external link) to address these exclusions. This includes protests (external link) in several cities demanding “status for all (external link) ” to mark the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (external link) .
A rally for migrant rights in Christie Pits park in Toronto on Sept. 18, 2022, calling on the federal government to extend permanent status to undocumented people. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Holly McKenzie-Sutter
To return to the later stages of the process of becoming Canadian by adopting citizenship, under the former (PDF file) Conservative government (external link) , citizenship became harder to get and easier to lose by design.
Unfortunately, amidst the last decade’s battles between more exclusionary Conservative (external link) and rhetorically warmer Liberal (external link) visions of citizenship, tougher and more expensive procedures than previously existed remain under both.
The costs of applying for citizenship (PDF file) increased significantly (external link) under the Conservatives, and have remained prohibitive for many. The Trudeau government has made some positive reforms, such as reversing changes that made it take longer to become a citizen. But it has failed to follow through (external link) on its election promises (external link) to eliminate citizenship fees.
One recent study (external link) argues that it is likely that fee hikes and tougher, often expensive language requirements negatively impact a significant number of applicants.
Even those who have managed to obtain permanent residency and fulfilled their residency requirements face further “boundaries related to management flaws, classed naturalization, and cultural biases (external link) .” That means many, particularly refugee claimants and family class immigrants, struggle with the citizenship process.
For those who can reach the end of the process, some find it distasteful to continue to have to declare an enforced oath to a colonial figure (external link) , a reminder of the structures and hierarchies discussed in this article.
Given this context, the significant decline in Canada’s naturalization rate should be less surprising, though no less alarming as Canada continues to foster and even intensify inequalities of societal membership in its citizenship and immigration regime.
John Carlaw (external link) , Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Canada Research Chair (CERC) in Migration and Integration Program, Toronto Metropolitan University (external link) .
This article is republished from The Conversation (external link) under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article (external link) .
