Is nuclear fusion the future of clean energy? This TMU student thinks so
Since the 1970s, Earth Day (external link) has united people worldwide in the shared mission to “diversify, educate, and activate” environmental sustainability. Amid overlapping environmental crises, individual actions, initiatives, and innovative solutions are integral to the movement for change. On April 22, 2025, people around the globe are invited to unite behind renewable energy solutions with the goal of tripling the global generation of clean energy by 2030.
One Environmental and Urban Sustainability (EUS) student, Gracie Birss, takes this year’s theme, “Our Power, Our Planet,” to heart in her undergraduate research on nuclear fusion energy. Gracie presented the topic at Toronto Metropolitan University’s (TMU) 2024 Kaleidoscope Undergraduate Arts Research Conference (external link) , hosted by the Society of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (external link) (SASSH). For Earth Day 2025, Gracie shares how she was inspired to pursue research in nuclear fusion and her personal sustainability habits.
Gracie Birss at the 2024 Kaleidoscope Undergraduate Arts Research Conference. Photo by Shermaan Jesuthasan.
Could you speak to your research project on nuclear fusion energy?
Within my research project, I discuss the concept of nuclear fusion—the process powering stars, which offers a near-limitless, clean energy source by fusing light atoms (like hydrogen) into helium. This releases massive energy without long-lived radioactive waste—unlike nuclear fission, which splits heavy atoms (like uranium) and produces hazardous byproducts. My project discusses recent breakthroughs, such as 2022’s net-energy-gain achievement at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and ITER’s progress, highlighting fusion’s potential. However, I also provide an overview of the challenges that remain, such as still being in research and development, high initial costs of creation, public perception issues, competitive markets and monopolies, and material limitations. If overcome, fusion could revolutionize energy grids with zero-carbon baseload power, enhanced safety, and minimal fuel scarcity (deuterium from seawater, lithium for tritium). While likely years away from commercialization, with further research, fusion may eventually complement renewables in a sustainable energy future.
Do you celebrate Earth Day in a particular way or have daily practices that seek to be more sustainable for the planet?
To live more sustainably, I focus on reducing energy and material consumption by using LED lights, unplugging devices, and air-drying clothes. In regards to transportation, I often prioritize walking and using public transit, going as far as not having a driver's license. I try to minimize waste by carrying reusable bags and bottles, avoiding single-use plastics, and even composting food scraps. My diet leans towards plant-based and seasonal items, choosing locally sourced foods to lower my carbon footprint. Furthermore, I support second-hand shopping and eco-friendly brands to reduce resource use and consumption. Beyond personal habits, I advocate for sustainability by sharing knowledge, supporting green policies, and joining community clean-ups to drive broader change.
What EUS course would you recommend to a student interested in exploring renewable energy and similar topics?
My interest in fusion stems from EUS 750: Energy and Transportation Transitions and a mechanical engineering elective on energy systems. Passionate about atomic science and clean energy, I was fascinated by fusion’s potential to address climate change and wanted to investigate it further. The contrast between fission’s risks and fusion’s promise additionally motivated me to explore its viability as a future energy solution and study its applications.
EUS 450: Responses to Climate Change with professor Greg Oulahen is an excellent course for students interested in renewable energy and sustainable climate solutions. It covers sustainable policies, green technologies, and urban resilience strategies. Engaging lectures and real-world case studies provide practical insights. If you're passionate about clean energy and climate action, this course offers valuable knowledge and inspiration. Highly recommended!
Do you plan to continue your research in some capacity in the future?
Yes, I plan to continue my research in sustainability by pursuing a Master’s in Environmental Science, focusing on climate resilience, ecological health and renewable energy. I’m working with the Toronto Region Conservation Authority (external link) (TRCA) to apply research in real-world conservation, biodiversity enhancement, public education, curriculum, and urban sustainability projects. I believe combining academic study with hands-on work will help me develop impactful solutions for cities facing climate challenges.
The Environmental and Urban Sustainability program at TMU is uniquely designed to equip students with knowledge of contemporary social and environmental challenges and the creative solutions needed to tackle them. The program integrates theory with practical experience to ensure students have a strong background to pursue meaningful careers in environmental science, policy, management, design and more!